Until the end of the 20th century, both Andean countries were predominantly migrant-sending spaces. Contrary to many other states in the world, their legal frameworks have enshrined an open-border, migrant-rights-based approach. The global trend to integrate criminal law and immigration law to govern migrant mobilities and to reinforce securitized borders would seem to have no place in these two countries. Superficial appearances can, however, be deceiving.

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