In recent years, the global approach to irregular migration has shifted significantly towards a strategy of containment and deterrence, embodied in the reinforcement of borders and the implementation of stringent, externalized, and criminalizing migration policies. This paradigm, ostensibly crafted to manage and reduce the influx of migrants, paradoxically, has not led to a decrease in migration. Instead, it has rerouted the journeys of those seeking refuge and better life opportunities, pushing them towards more perilous paths, where surveillance is not only in the hands of the state, but of criminal actors.

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